The sequence of a deoxyribonucleic acid DNA molecule can be elucidated using chemical or enzymatic methods. Chemical Method of DNA Sequencing: In 1997, Maxam and Gilbert of Harward University discovered this method. In this method, a DNA fragment to be sequenced is radiolabeled at one end of molecule (Fig. 13.15). After denaturation of DNA into […]
Methods of DNA Sequencing | Nucleic Acids
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5 Main Enzymes to be Used in DNA
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The following points highlight the five main enzymes that are to be used in DNA. The enzymes are: 1. Phosphatases 2. Taq Polymerase 3. Nucleases 4. Reverse Transcriptase 5. DNA Ligating Enzyme. Enzyme # 1. Phosphatases: Phosphatases (Alkaline) are glycoproteins with two identical subunits that hydrolytically remove phosphate groups from DNA molecule. Alkaline phosphatases are […]
Mechanisms for Origin of Somaclonal Variation | Biotechnology
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Several possible mechanisms are responsible for the origin of somaclonal variation. Number of processes can operate simultaneously in one culture. The mechanisms are: 1. Karyotypic Change 2. Chromosomal Rearrangement 3. Nucleotide Pool Imbalance 4. Cryptic Transposable Elements 5. Gene Amplification 6. Somatic Gene Rearrangement 7. Somatic Crossing Over. Mechanism # 1. Karyotypic Change: Several plants […]
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