Fusion of protoplasts can be accomplished by two distinct methods like chemical fusion and electro-fusion (Fig. 10.1). Earliest method known as mechanical fusion, where protoplasts are forced to fuse under applied pressure within the pipette. Protoplast in suspension can undergo spontaneous fusion in cultural conditions. Method # 1. Chemical Fusion of Protoplast: Chemicals such as sodium nitrate, polyethylene glycol and [...]
Transformation of plants can be successfully accomplished by employing two basic strategies. One is co-cultivation of protoplast with Agrobacterium and the leaf disc procedure. The first transgene was obtained by co-cultivation. Basic methodology involves Agrobacterium transformation of regenerating protoplast, plus screening and regeneration. Leaf-disc transformation is used extensively in most of the transformation work. Surface- sterilized leaf disc or pieces [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of PCR 2. Steps of PCR 3. Applications of PCR. Meaning of PCR: In genetic engineering, requirement of desirable amount of target DNA is indispensable to study genetic structure, function and gene manipulation. It is novel cell free techniques to obtain innumerable number of copies. This direct enzymatic amplification process is [...]