In this article we will discuss about the extent and relations of cervical sympathetic trunk. Extent of Cervical Sympathetic Trunk: From base of skull to the neck of first rib. Preganglionic fibres arise from upper thoracic part of spinal cord - lateral horn cells (T1-T5). Relations of Cervical Sympathetic Trunk: Anterior: Carotid sheath with its content. Posterior: Prevertebral muscles and [...]
Waldeyer’s ring is a collection of lymphoid tissue or follicles in the upper part of digestive system. This ring is formed by: Superiorly- Pharyngeal tonsils or Adenoids. Inferiorly- Lingual tonsil. Laterally- Palatine tonsils and tubal tonsils. I. Pharyngeal Tonsil: Lie postero superiorly under the mucous membrane of the roof and adjoining posterior wall of nasopharynx. II. Lingual Tonsil: This is [...]
The human body has got several mechanisms to combat infections due to pathogenic organisms. It should be realised that many harmless organisms live in symbiosis in our body in the upper respiratory tract, in the lower bowels and in the skin. These may occasionally infect the tissues when the resistance is extremely low or viral infections have devitalised mucosal membrane. [...]