Cardiac function does not require intact innervations. Frog's heart removed from the body, and in human beings who have transplanted heart, the heart continues to function. The perfusion of the isolated heart in the laboratory will also continue to beat at regular intervals. In a frog's heart when the chambers are separated, each of the chambers shows regular contractions on [...]
The following points highlight the top eight factors affecting venous return. The factors are: 1. Pressure Gradient 2. Vis-a-Tergo 3. Vis-a-Fronte 4. Skeletal Muscle Pump 5. Thoracic Pump 6. Abdominal Pump 7. Venomotor Tone 8. Posture and Gravity. Factor # 1. Pressure Gradient: The pressure in the right atria (central venous pressure) into which the superior and inferior vena cavae [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Definition of Cardiac Output 2. Determination of Cardiac Output 3. Regulation. Definition of Cardiac Output: Cardiac output is defined as volume of blood pumped out per ventricle per minute (Table 3.9). Right ventricle pumps blood into pulmonary circulation and during the same time an identical volume of blood is also pumped out [...]