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Everything you need to know about cultivating medicinal plants. Learn about how to cultivate:- 1. Aconite 2. Jatamansi 3. Liquorice 4. Picrorrhiza 5. Rauwolfia 6. Safed Musali 7. Saussurea 8. Shatavari 9. Giloe 10. Artemisia.
Contents:
- How to Cultivate Aconite?
- How to Cultivate Jatamansi?
- How to Cultivate Liquorice?
- How to Cultivate Picrorrhiza?
- How to Cultivate Rauwolfia?
- How to Cultivate Safed Musali?
- How to Cultivate Saussurea?
- How to Cultivate Shatavari?
- How to Cultivate Giloe?
- How to Cultivate Artemisia?
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Medicinal Plant # 1. How to Cultivate
Aconite?
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Synonyms:
Indian Aconite, Monk hood, Atvisa.
Source:
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These are the dried roots of Aconitum heterophyllum belonging to family Ranunculaceae.
Geographical Source:
It is commonly found in the Alpine and subalpine zone of Himalayas, Uttaranchal, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim.
Climatic Conditions:
Climate:
It grows well in temperate region or tropical climate with high relative humidity. It grows mainly in partial shady environment.
Altitude:
It grows at higher altitude ranging between 2400 to 3600 metres.
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Temperature:
Ranging between 25°C to 30°C.
Type of Soil: pH of Soil:
Sandy loam soil with rich organic matter, having some water retention property is supposed to be best for its survival. It can be grown well in acidic soil. pH ranging from 4.5 to 5.5 is preferable.
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Type of Propagation:
It is well propagated by using seeds, as well as, vegetative by using root splits. Time of cultivation-
The nursery beds are raised during April – May and at the onset of monsoon the seedlings are transplanted in the fields.
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Duration of Crop:
3 to 4 years.
Preparation of Land:
Land is prepared by 2 – 3 deep ploughing during April – May prior to the onset of monsoon. It is harrowed, the sand is well pulverised then it is mixed with farm yard manure and leveled. Then pits are prepared at a distance of 30 x 30 cm.
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Raising Nursery Beds:
The nursery beds are raised by mixing soil, sand and farm yard manure. The seeds are sown at a distance of 30 cm at depth of 1 cm. It is watered lightly after sowing. After a period of 3 to 4 months, the seedlings are ready for transplanting.
Seed Treatment:
To increase the rate of seed germination, the seeds are treated with Styrofoam; Litter treatment is also useful for initiating quick germination of seeds. Otherwise, seeds remain in the dormant stage for 3 to 4 months.
Transplantation:
The seedlings raised are transplanted in the well prepared fields at a distance of 30 cm from each other during April – May. Plants raised from seedlings have very slow growth and reproductive phase. On an average, 40,000 to 44,000 plants can be planted in one acre of land.
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For vegetative propagation, the daughter roots are better suited. Vegetative propagation was found most suitable for higher production in short period of cultivation than the seedlings transplantation. The selected daughter roots are cultivated at a spacing of 30 cm.
Irrigation:
The plants need regular and proper irrigation so as to decrease the mortality rate. After sowing and transplanting, immediate watering is done. Though, it does not require watering during monsoon, in dry seasons or rain free condition at least watering once in four days is necessary for 6 month’s old seedlings, for its survival.
During winter season, watering is carried out once in a week which is sufficient for retaining moisture in the soil. The irrigation requirement also varies according to the texture of soil and climatic conditions.
Fertilizers:
Application of fertilizers also depends upon the texture of soil. Soils rich in organic matter require 50-60 q/acre of litter doses. Whereas, higher concentration of litter doses i.e. about 60 to 75 q/acre of litter doses favour the seedling growth. The farm yard manure is applied at the time of ploughing as basal dose. It can be repeated so as to increase the productivity of soil.
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Weeding:
The crop requires higher nourishment for its survivality, hence weeds should be kept under close check to increase the crop production. During rainy season, it is carried out at weekly intervals and at an interval of two weeks or 15 to 20 days during winter season, once the crop is established in the field.
Plant-Protection and Pesticides:
It is hardy crop, hence no disease or pest of any serious nature is found to affect the crop.
Harvesting:
The crop is ready for harvesting after a period of 3 to 4 years. The plants are harvested for tubers, which are recommended after the completion of reproductive phase and when maturation of seeds is complete. During this period, the concentration of active principles is maximum in the crop i.e. during October – November period. The time of completion of reproductive phase differs alongwith the difference of altitude range.
At lower altitude, it completes its reproductive phase during first 15 days of October whereas at higher altitude, it completes towards the end of October or in the 1st week of November. The plants raised from tuber cuttings (vegetatively) complete their reproductive phase within three years and those raised from seedlings take 3.5 to 4 years to complete the reproductive phase.
Collection:
While collecting the tubers, the parent roots are collected which contain good percentage of active contents. Whereas, the daughter roots are left for regeneration of the crop. The collected tubers are cleared of rootlets, washed with water and dried in shade.
Yield:
From mature strands, the estimated production per hectare of the land is around 1000 to 1200 kgs.
Constituents:
The root contains alkaloids like aconitine which is most important and is poisonous. The other alkaloids are heterophylline, hetro-phyllidine, and heterastisine.
Uses:
It is highly poisonous drug. It is used in careful dosage, though it is having antipyretic, aphrodisiac, antiperiodic action. It has analgesic and cardiac depressant action. Externally, it is used in treatment of neuralgia, sciatica, rheumatism and inflammation.
Storage:
The well dried roots are stored carefully by packaging as they are likely to be damaged.
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Ayurveda Formulations:
Balachaturbhadra churna, Ativishadi churna, Agnitundi Bati, Anandbhairav Ras.
Patented Medicines:
Savouryn.
Medicinal Plant # 2. How to Cultivate Jatamansi?
Introduction:
The drug is used since ancient times in mental disorders, as sedative and tranquiliser. It is known, since the times of Charaka and Sushrutha.
Synonyms:
Nard, Indian spike nard, mamsi.
Source:
Jatamansi consists of dried rhizomes of Nardostachys jatamansi belonging to family Valerianaceae.
Dalhouse clones are prefered.
Geographical Source:
It is found in alpine Himalayas, hills of Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir extending eastwards to Sikkim and Bhutan.
Cultivation Parameters:
Climatic Conditions:
Climate:
It grows well at higher altitudes in temperate to tropical regions. Moist and partially sunny areas are suitable for its cultivation.
Altitude:
It is found at higher altitude from 3300-5000 m. It can also be grown at lower altitude (1800-2200 m).
Temperature:
Temperature ranging from 10°C to 30°C is suitable for its growth.
Type of Soil; pH of Soil:
It flourishes in sandy loam soil, rich in organic matter. Carbon and nitrogen enhance germination and better productivity of the crop. It grows in soil with acidic pH ranging from 4 to 5.5.
Cultivation Details:
Type of Propagation:
It can be propagated by using seeds and also vegetatively through splitting of roots.
Time of Cultivation:
Nursery raising is carried out during month of July-August and transplanting (seedling) during September-October. The roots are transplanted during March-April (or at onset of monsoon).
Total Duration of Crop:
Three years.
Preparation of Land:
It is a perennial crop. The land should be prepared by giving 2-3 deep ploughing to remove weeds and shrubs. To avoid the regrowth of weed stubbles during the period of its growth, it is advisable to remove all the stubbles at the time of land preparation. The land is supplied with basal dose of FYM at the time of last ploughing and levelled properly.
Raising Nursery Beds:
Nursery beds are well prepared in the month of May. Good amount of farm yard manure is mixed with the soil of nursery bed and seeds are sown at regular interval. The seed beds are watered regularly. Germination of seeds starts within 6 to 7 days and the seedlings are ready for transplanting into the field within seven to eight weeks.
Transplantation:
The seedlings ideal for transplanting are rooted out from nursery bed and are planted in the well prepared land at a regular distance supplied with one irrigation immediately after transplanting. On average, 45000 plants are planted in one acre of land.
In vegetative propagation splitting of roots is found to be useful for better production and good yield of crop within short duration as compared to crop cultivated by seed germination.
Irrigation:
Irrigation need of the crop usually depends on the climatic conditions and soil texture. Generally, it does not require any supplemental irrigation during rainy season. However, one irrigation is essential just after plantation and during dry seasons, like April- May.
Watering must be done during September-October at an interval of two days. Water logging should be avoided which may adversely affect the growth, yield and quality of essential oil content.
Fertilizers:
The requirement of nutrients should be balanced successfully as it is a perennial crop. However, the requirement of additional nourishment through fertilizers or manures depends upon the inherent soil fertility. At lower altitude (1800-2200 m) on an average 600-700 kg of manure is sufficient for an acre of land. Whereas, land rich with organic content 500-600 kg manure per acre is sufficient. Application of NPK (60: 20: 40) for higher yield and good quality of essential oil is suggested.
Weeding/Hoeing:
The land should be kept weed free for better yield of oil content in the crop. Usually, weeding at weekly interval, during the span of first year is preferable, followed by weeding at interval of 15 to 20 days during second and third year of the crop.
Plant – Protection and Pesticides:
No serious insects, pests and diseases have been reported to attack the crop.
Harvesting:
Crop raised from seedlings are ready for harvesting after a period of three years of plantation. They are harvested just after maturation. To achieve higher amount of bio- active ingredients, plants are harvested during the month of September at lower altitude and in the month of October at higher altitudes.
Collection:
The harvested roots are washed with water to remove the soil and are dried in shade.
Yield:
After proper care about 1300 to 1400 kg/hectare of drug is produced.
Rate:
For 1 kg of drug varies from Rs. 160-170.
Constituents:
It contains pale yellow volatile oil, resin, sugar, starch and bitter principle, an alcohol and its isovaleric acid. It also contains jatamansic ester and ketones, Jatamansone and nardostachone.
Uses:
It is used as sedative, antispasmodic, diuretic, emmenagogue. It is also used in epilepsy, hysteria and palpitation of heart. The oil possesses anti-arrhythmic activity. The oil is also used as hair-tonic, as it is reported to promote hair growth. In mental disorders and insomnia, it is used successfully.
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Ayurvedic Preparation:
Mahanarayan taila, mritasanjiwani sura.
Patented Products:
Braintab, sleepnol, Ashar tablets, Elixer, Becamin tablets.
Medicinal Plant # 3. How to Cultivate Liquorice?
Introduction:
The name is derived from Greek word Glycyrrhiza means sweet wood and glabra means smooth. This refers to the fruits of the tree which are smooth pods. As its wood is very sweet, it is popularly known as liquorice, li; is widely used in Indian traditional medicines for various ailments of respiratory tract and as flavouring agent. It is known since the period of Sushrutha.
Synonyms:
Glycyrrhiza, Yastimandhu, Mulethi, Yisti.
Source:
These are the dried, peeled or unpeeled stolons and roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn, belonging to family Leguminosae.
Varieties:
G. glabra var. typica (Spanish liquorice), Glandulifera (Russian liquorice), Violacea (Persian liquorice), Haryana Mulehati No. 1, EC – 21950, EC – 111236, EC – 124587.
Geographical Source:
Though, its origin is attributed to southern Europe and Pakistan, it is widely cultivated in Spain, England and Sicily and also in France, Russia, Germany and China. At present in India, it is being cultivated in places like Baramulla, Srinagar, Jammu, Indore, Anand and Bengaluru.
Cultivation Parameters:
Climate Conditions:
It thrives well in temperate climate. It is well distributed in subtropical areas. It does not tolerate heavy rains or frost.
Type of Soil and pH of Soil:
It requires loamy soil of light texture or deep sandy soil from the bank of river is also suitable. The pH of soil should be 6 to 8.2. It can withstand salinity without affecting its growth and active principles.
Rainfall:
Heavy rains affect its growth adversely, hence thrives well in areas receiving rainfall ranging between 50-100 cm annually.
Temperature:
The annual temperature ranging from 5°C to 25°C is suitable for cultivation.
Altitude:
It can be cultivated upto an altitude of 1200 to 1500 metres.
Cultivation Details:
Propagation:
Glycyrrhiza can be perpetuated by seed germinations, as well as, by cutting. By cutting method, both roots and stem pieces are used. Now-a-days, the method of tissue culture is also being practised. Total duration of crop: Three to five years.
Time of Cultivation:
It is carried out in the month of March or early April. Dry weather at the time of planting and few months after planting is advisable for good crop.
Preparation of Land:
As the plant requires deep sandy soil, land is prepared by deep ploughing and levelled well. The soil is enriched by adding farm yard manure. The planting ridges 60 cm wide and 30 cm apart are marked out and pieces of stolon’s are planted in group of 2-3. It is then covered with thin layer of soil and irrigated lightly or is covered with 7 to 8 cm of wet soil layer.
Seed Treatment:
Before sowing, seeds treated with 0.0028 to 0.005% succinic acid, combined with scarification, are found to increase germination rate.
Raising Nursery Beds:
Such treated seeds are then raised on well prepared nursery bed. For this, 1 x 3 meter nursery beds are raised with sand, soil and organic farm yard manure. The treated seeds are drilled down at a distance of 15 cm apart and irrigated lightly. The germination starts after 15 days and is completed within a period of month. The seedlings are ready for transplanting when they are about 15-20 cm in height. These prepared seedlings are transplanted in the month of March or April at a distance of 30 cm apart and are irrigated lightly.
By Using Seeds:
Though plants can be raised from seeds, due to low rate of germination, method is not practised regularly.
By Cuttings:
Usually, propagation is done by utilizing the cuttings prepared from young pieces of stolons. Each piece should be 10 to 15 cm in length and should exhibit 2-3 buds of aerial shoot. These cuttings are kept in moist moss for about 7-9 days and when buds of aerial shoot start sprouting, they are planted in the field.
Irrigation:
Regular irrigation is necessary till the plants establish themselves in the field. Thereafter, watering may be done at an interval of 10-15 days for 6-7 months and afterwards as and when required. Once the crop is established, no special arrangement for irrigation is necessary.
Fertilizers:
For the yield of healthy crop, the farm is enriched with farm yard manure at rate of 10-15 tonnes per hectare. However, for healthy growth, a fertilizer dose of urea, superphosphate and potash at rate of 40: 40: 20 kg/ha/year is recommended when the green parts are developing.
Amongst these, superphosphate and potash are supplied in full dose during planting and nitrogen application dose is splitted in three doses i.e. at time of planting, after six months and remaining one year of growth. The same schedule of fertilizer should be repeated during second, third and fourth year of crop.
Interculture:
The crop is kept free of weeds by hoeing at regular intervals.
Intercropping:
Usually, same crop is taken on the land continuously and it takes 3-4 years for the crop to attain maturity after planting. During first and second year, the growth of crop is slow. Thus, intercropping during these years is preferable. For this purpose, planting of carrots, potatoes or cabbage in between is recommended.
Plant Protection and Pesticides:
Aldrex at rate of 25-30 kg/ha given during ploughing can control termites which otherwise cause damage to young plants. Usually, leaves are affected by the cotton ash weevil insect. Metasystox in proportion of 1.5 ml/lit. spray can control it.
Diseases like root rot, and leaf spot are found to destroy the crop. Hence, for protection of crop from root-rot disease, which turn the roots and stolon soft and pulpy; soil treatment or aerial spray of Bavistin 0.05% is useful. Application of Brassicol 5 kg/ha during February can also control disease effectively.
For the leaf spot disease, 0.4% Bavistin spray is reported to be useful. Even leaf blight is also a serious infection, which can be controlled by foilar spray of Blitex (0.2%), 3 to 4 times, at an interval of 6-7 days.
Harvesting:
The crop is harvested for the roots after 3-5 years when it attains full maturity and before it bears fruits. The crop is uprooted during October-December. The collection is done carefully so as to prevent damage to the roots.
The collected rhizomes and roots are freed of buds and rootlets. The broken root parts are left in the soil for succeeding crop.
Processing:
The aerial parts are cut and removed from the roots and rhizomes- They are cut into pieces, about 10-15 cm long and 2-3 cm in diameter. The drug is dried first under sun and then in shade. During the process of drying, it reduces about 50-60% of its weight.
Artificial drying can also be carried out using mechanical driers at 35°C-45°C temperature.
Yield:
The yield of crop depends upon fertility of soil climate, cultivation practice and also the variety of crop. Though an average yield of 5-6 tonnes/ha of roots and 15-20 tonnes/ha. of trimmings are considered satisfactory.
Storage:
Stored in well closed containers in cool and dry places or are stored in polythene lined bags.
Chemical Constituents:
The chief constituent of liquorice is a triterpenoidal saponin known glycyrrhizin (about 6-10%). Different varieties of liquorice contain varying amount of glycyrrhizin. Other constituents of liquorice are glucose (4%); sucrose (2.5 to 6.5%) bitter principle glycyramarin, resins, asparagin (2 to 4%), fat. Another important constituent is flavonoids.
Uses:
It has been used as an expectorant widely. Due to flavonoid content with antigastric effect, it is used in peptic ulcers and also as antispasmodic. The minerocorticoid is activity in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, inflammations and Addision’s disease. It is commonly used as a flavouring agent for chewing tobacco, and in beverages, confectionary and pharmaceuticals.
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Ayurvedic Formulations:
Yashtyadi churna, Yashtyadi kwath, Yashtimadhwadya tail, Chandanadi tail, Lavangadi vati, Jatyadi taila.
Patented Products:
Diabel, Geriforte, Glycodine, Lukol tab, Elixir, Throaps, Cooper’s cough syrup.
Medicinal Plant # 4. How to Cultivate Picrorrhiza?
Introduction:
It is a small hairy perennial with elongated creeping stolons. It bears serrate spathulate leaves and white or bluish flowers. The rhizomes are longitudinally wrinkled and annulations are at the tip of rhizomes.
Synonyms:
Indian Gentian, Kutki.
Source:
These are the dried roots and rhizomes of the plant Picrorrhiza kurroa belonging to family Scrophulariaceae.
Geographical Source:
These are found growing in Kashmir, Sikkim, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, well distributed in Himachal Pradesh and also found in China.
Cultivation Parameters:
Climatic Conditions:
Climate:
These can grow well at higher altitudes in temperate or tropical climate. Partial shady areas are good for the growth of crop.
Altitude:
It can be cultivated at an altitude of 1800 to 2700 metres and also at higher altitude in Himalayas (2700-4500 metres).
Temperature:
Ranging from 25°C to 35°C is suitable.
Type of Soil:
These can be grown on variety of soil, though sandy loam soil with rich organic content and high moisture content are suitable for its cultivation. But, soil should not be water-logging.
Cultivation Details:
Type of Propagation:
It can be propagated from seeds and rhizomes.
Time of Cultivation:
Cultivation phase differs according to the range of altitude. At lower altitude, sowing is carried out during November-December, while at higher altitudes it is during April-May.
Total Duration of Crop:
Two years.
Preparation of Land:
For cultivation of Kutki, the land should be ploughed and harrowed, so that the soil is well pulverised. The field is provided with farm yard manure and it is levelled.
Raising Nursery Beds:
For raising nursery bed, mixture of soil, farm yard manure and sand is used. Healthy seeds collected are sown during November- December at lower altitude and during May at higher altitude. To increase seeds germination, the seed beds are covered with thin layer of moss so that it retains moisture content and water loss is avoided.
After period of six months, when the seedlings are raised properly, they are transplanted on the well prepared field. At lower altitude, the seedlings are transplanted during winters and at higher altitude the plantation is carried out during spring.
Transplantation:
The seedlings are planted at a distance of 30 x 30 cm followed by light irrigation immediately after transplanting. About 40,000 to 45,000 seedlings are cultivated in one acre of land.
By Cutting Method:
For vegetative propagation, the cuttings of rhizomes are used. These cuttings are water dipped. At a suitable distance, high moisture trenches are prepared and the rhizome cuttings are planted. If kept covered with moss for two weeks, rhizome cutting also shows enhanced rooting.
Irrigation:
It needs regular watering so as to decrease the mortality rate. At lower altitude, to keep land moist, irrigation is carried out every 24 hrs. during the initial stages of development. In rainy season, watering is done as per the requirement. During winter, watering should be done at every two days interval.
Fertilizers and Manures:
During land preparation or before transplanting, the field is supplied with sufficient amount of manure. In general, at lower altitude, maximum required manure varies from 55 to 70 q/acre to achieve healthy crop for three years. In areas rich with organic matter, the average requirement of manure for three years is 20 to 25 q/hect. No chemical fertilizers, other than manure, are required.
Weeding:
The land should be kept weed-free, so as to get maximum nourishment to the crop Hence, during first year of cultivation, weeding is done at weekly intervals and at an interval of a month or two in the next years of crop till harvesting.
Intercropping:
Intercropping with saunf (Foeniculum vulgare) or potato are most suitable. They also provide better microclimate for the growth of crop (P. kurroa) by retaining moisture in the soil for longer period. Inter-cropping with Digitalis purpurea has also been suggested, which also gives better yield.
Plant-Protection and Pesticides:
No disease or pests of serious nature are found to attack the crop.
Harvesting:
To get maximum amount of bioactive ingredients, harvesting should be carried out at an appropriate period. After completion of reproductive phase, the crop matures and at this stage contains good amount of active ingredients, this is the period for harvesting. The crop is harvested by uprooting the plants manually, which is carried out during month of September at lower altitude and in the month of October at higher altitudes.
Collection:
The collected roots and rhizomes are washed with plane water and are kept for shade drying. They are cut into small pieces and stored well.
Yield:
The average yield of kutki from the cultivated crop, provided with proper manure and irrigation, is about 500 to 600 kg/hect.
Constituents:
The drug is found to contain bitter irridoid substance, picroside I, picroside II, kutkoside, and vanillic acid (0.1%), Bitter glycosides kutkin and kurrin are found.
Uses:
It is used as a potent hepatoprotectant; hence, used in diseases of liver and spleen including jaundice, anaemia. It is also used as a valuable bitter tonic, febrifuge and stomachic.
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Ayurvedic Formulations:
Arogyavardhani, Katukadya lauha, Tiktadi Kwath, Tiktadighrita, Mahatikta Ghrita.
Patented Formulations:
Ashotone, Vimliv, Dilapsin, Entostal Radona.
Medicinal Plant # 5. How to Cultivate Rauwolfia?
Introduction:
Rauwolfia serpentina is an erect, evergreen shrub, 0.6 to 1 m high. Because of its snake like shape, it is known as sarpagandha. It is one of the important drugs used in traditional, as well as, modern system of medicine.
Synonyms:
Chhotachand, Sarpagandha, Serpentina root, Rauwolfia root.
Source:
It consists of dried roots of plant known as Rauwolfia serpentina Benth ex. Kurz belonging to family Apocynaceae.
Varieties:
Rauwolfia obversa, Rauwolfia trifoliata.
Geographical Source:
Found in tropical regions of Asia, America and Africa. Also produced in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand and America. In India, it is cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Tamilnadu, West Bengal, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Cultivation Parameters:
Climatic Conditions:
Climate:
The plant is known to grow under wide range of climatic conditions. However, it flourishes in hot humid condition and grows satisfactorily in shade.
Altitude:
Found upto an elevation of 1300-1400 metres.
Temperature and Humidity:
For cultivation, temperature range should be 10°C to 38°C. Average humidity favours the growth of plant.
Rainfall:
Ranging between 100-200 cm is preferable.
Type of Soil; pH of Soil:
In wild state, it grows on variety of soil.
For cultivation, clay loamy soil with large amount of humus and good drainage are supposed to be ideal. Soil containing large amount of sand makes plant susceptible to disease.
pH of soil should be acidic and around 4.
Cultivation Details:
Type of Propagation:
The plant can be propagated by various methods, such as by seeds, roots (vegetative means), root stumps and stem cuttings. Propagation from seeds is usually the method of choice.
Time of Cultivation:
Sowing is done in the month of May, seedlings are transplanted at the break of monsoon.
Total Duration of Crop:
Three to four years.
Preparation of Land:
Before planting, the land is deep ploughed and treated with farm yard manure or compost at rate of 10-12 cart loads per hectare. Again, second ploughing is done followed by cross harrowing.
By using Seeds:
The rate of germination of seeds is very low; hence seedlings are raised in nursery first. It is found that freshly collected seeds give higher percentage of germination than those collected long back.
Seed Treatment:
Before planting, seeds should be soaked in 5% sodium chloride solution. The seeds floating on the surface should be discarded and those which sink should be selected. The pre-sowing treatment of seeds increases crop produce. Before sowing, the seeds are soaked in water overnight.
It is estimated that 5.5 kg of seeds sow give adequate number of seedlings to plant one hectare. At the break of monsoon or in the month of May, seedlings are transplanted at a distance of 16 to 30 cm. After 3 to 4 years, the plant attains maturity.
By Root Cuttings:
Vegetative propagation is practised usually when there is shortage of seeds. The large taproots, as well as, lateral secondary rootlets are used for preparing the cuttings of 7.5-10.0 cm length. Planting is done horizontally in furrows 5 cm deep at the advent of monsoon. About 100 kg of root cuttings are needed to plant one hectare.
Irrigation:
The seedlings are irrigated at regular intervals. It is irrigated twice a month during hot, dry season and once a month during winter.
Fertilizers:
The plants are provided with various chemical fertilizers and manures periodically. Application of 8-10 tonnes of FYM per hectare before planting ensures optimum and continuous supply of nutrients to the plant. A basal dose of 30 kg Nitrogen (N), 30 kg Phosphorus (P2O5) and 30 kg Potash (K2O) per hectare should also be applied before planting. Two top dressings of 25 kg N per hectare should be done after plantation in August/September and in February/March.
The same schedule of fertilizer should be repeated during the second and third year of crop.
Interculture:
The plants are kept free from weeds; as they cause reduction in plant growth. One manual weeding after 15-20 days of plantation and 2-3 weeding’s in each year of the crop are required to keep weeds under check.
Intercropping:
It can be intercropped with coconut successfully.
Defloration:
Defloration is recommended for better root growth and yield as collection of seeds is irrelevant, unless there is need for sale or plantation.
Collection of Seeds:
The fruits start maturing from middle of July and continue till February. Since all seeds do not mature at a time, they are picked periodically. After collecting, the fresh covering of seeds are removed by washing and dried in shade and stored in air tight container.
Harvesting, Drying and Storage:
After 3-4 years of planting, during winter season when the plants are dormant, they are uprooted. The roots are cut properly, washed to remove earthy matter and dried in air.
Yield:
Plants raised from seeds give maximum yield. Average root yield per hectare under irrigated condition is about 1000-1200 kg. It may vary depending upon the soil, climatic conditions and age of plant.
Roots sell at rate of 60 Rs. per kg, so a grower may get a net return of Rs. 25,000- 30,000 from 2 to 3 years old crop.
Constituents:
Mainly consists of indole alkaloids. Other alkaloids ajmaline, reserpine, serpentine, yohimbine, rauwolfinine, etc. also contain oleo- resins, phytosterols, fatty acids, alcohol and sugar.
Uses:
To treat essential hypertension, mild anxiety conditions in some neuropsychiatric disorders. Decoction of roots is used in labours to increase uterine contractions.
Marketed Products:
Ayurvedic Formulations:
Sarpagandha ghanavati, Dimagdoshahari, Sarpagandha bati.
Patented medicines:
Eufrina, Brainteb, Santina, Raudixin, Sexotex, etc.
Medicinal Plant # 6. How to Cultivate Safed Musali?
Introduction:
This medicinal drug is used in Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Naturopathy and Unani drug practice. It is used as general tonic. Due to its aphrodiasiac property, it’s getting popularity similar to Ginseng and hence it has increasing demand in international market.
Synonyms:
Musali, Safaid musli.
Source:
This consists of dried peeled tuberous roots of the plant known as Chlorophytum berivillianum, family Liliaceae.
Varieties:
RC-2, RC-16, RC-36, RC-20, RC-23 and RC-37.
Geographical Source:
It is cultivated in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Southern Rajasthan and North Gujarat. It is also found in African countries.
Cultivation Parameters:
Climatic Conditions:
Climate:
Dry weather is favourable for its growth. It cannot survive at low temperature. Hence, can be cultivated throughout India. It can be grown under warm humid climatic conditions. Good amount of soil moisture during growing season favours fleshy root development.
Altitude:
Upto 1500 metres.
Temperature and Humidity:
Ranging between 25°C to 35°C.
Rainfall:
Tropical climate with rainfall about 50 to 75 cm is favourable for its cultivation.
Type of Soil; pH of Soil:
Loamy, gravelly soil with rich organic matter and well-drained soil with pH ranging between 6.5 to 7 is suitable for its growth.
Cultivation Details:
Type of Propagation:
By using seeds, as well as, vegetatively using tuberous roots (bearing buds or growing point).
Time of Cultivation:
In the month of June or early July i.e. at onset of monsoon.
Total Duration of Crop:
Nine months.
Land Preparation:
The land is prepared by 2-3 deep ploughing, and weeds are removed from the soil. The soil is heavily manure by using 10 to 15 tonnes of FYM. It is levelled properly at spacing of 20 x 20 cm or 15 x 15 cm and pits of 5 cm depth are prepared.
Nursery Raising:
Seed beds are raised by using mixture of sand, soil and good amount of FYM. The seeds are sown at regular distance, covered with soil and are watered gently. The beds can be kept covered with leaf litter in first or second week of June, so as to maintain adequate moisture in the soil in absence of rain in early monsoon. It takes about 12-16 days to sprout.
Transplanting:
After a period of 20-30 days, seedlings are ready for transplanting into the fields. During kharif season, the seedlings are transplanted at a spacing of 30 x 15 cm in the well prepared field. After transplanting, the seedlings are lightly irrigated.
Vegetative Propagation:
About 1 cm long, fleshy roots are selected for planting; they are planted by using stumping method. The sprouted fleshy roots are planted in the fields during second or first week of June (on set of monsoon) at a distance of 15 x 15 cm or 20 x 20 cm in rows to obtain adequate commercial yield followed by irrigation.
Approx. 200-325 kg of tuberous roots per hectare are sufficient for cultivation.
Root Treatment:
Before sowing, roots are treated with fungicides like Bavistin in proportion of 1.5 gm/lit. of water. Also treatment with humic acid (hormone) in proportion of 2 ml/lit. of water to the roots may be fruitful to initiate the root system.
Irrigation:
Proper irrigation is required to be provided to keep soil moisture maintained; at an interval of 10-15 days according to the requirement of soil. If there is no rainfall, drip irrigation is most suitable. Leaves get dried during November-December and are lost. Irrigation after fall of leaves upto end of January is essential.
Interculture:
Periodical weeding is carried out to keep them under check, as well as, hoeing is needed to keep the soil porous.
Fertilizers:
During sowing, 250-300 kg of super phosphate and 100 to 125 kg of potassium sulphate per hectare be provided to get maximum yield. Micronutrients to the tune of 20 to 25 kg and 100 to 120 kg of ammonium sulphate per hectare one month after cultivation be supplied alongwith potassium sulphate (125 kg). Again after one month i.e. after two months of cultivation, 125 kg of ammonium sulphate is provided for healthy growth.
Intercropping:
It is a crop for 90-110 days, hence intercropping can be undertaken successfully. For this purpose, banana, guava, papaya, grapes, orange, pomegranate etc. are the crops of choice. Planting of safed musali under eucalyptus, poplar and saag can also be undertaken.
Plant-Protection and Pesticides:
Normally, no pesticides are required for pest control.
Harvesting and Collection:
After 3 to 4 months of cultivation, the crop attains maturity. Generally, in second week of February, tuberous roots in the form of bunches are uprooted by digging method. No mechanical method is used as it may cause loss of roots. The collected roots are cleaned of soil and spread in shade for 4-8 days.
Fleshy roots and small roots are separated. The small roots are dried thoroughly and stored in cool place for cultivation, while fleshy roots are peeled to get inner milky white roots which are cleaned and dried for 7-10 days for storage. During drying, 80% of water is lost.
Yield:
It is supposed to yield 20 to 30% more crop by cultivation. An average of 800 to 1000 kg of fleshy roots per hectare are collected upto 4-5 successive years, after which the production declines, i.e. after processing and drying about 200 to 300 kg of dried roots are obtained.
Constituents:
It contains 39 to 40% of carbohydrates, 8-12% proteins, 2-4% Saponins, 0.18-0.2% sapogenin (hecogenin). Other rare elements like zinc, copper, phosphorus are present. The fiber content of root is 3 to 5.0%.
Uses:
It is used as well-known tonic for general debility and also as aphrodiasiac. It also possesses galactogouge property.
Storage:
During storage, the tuberous roots are treated with thiram and captan in proportion of 4.0 gm/kg of roots to reduce rotting of roots by Aspergillus and Fusarium species.
Marketed Products:
Ayurvedic Formulations:
Mushalyadi vati, Chandrakala bati, Sooruh vatak.
Patented Product:
Vitation.
Approximate Economics of Cultivation:
Total expenditure for cultivation is approx. Rs. 225000/hectare.
Sold at Rs. 1000 to 1200/kg, depending upon the quality of roots.
Medicinal Plant # 7. How to Cultivate Saussurea?
Introduction:
It is a stout and sturdy perennial herb with large leaves. The roots of which are quite long about 50-60 cm and are used in the bronchial asthma. The seed are collected in September- October.
Synonyms:
Costus, kuth kerth.
Source:
This consists of dried tuberous roots obtained from Saussurea lappa C. B. Clarke, belonging to family Compositae.
Geographical Source:
It is found distributed in various regions of Asia, Europe and North America. In India, it is found wild in Jammu, Chenab and Kishenganga valley. It has been cultivated successfully in Kashmir, Lahul and Garhwal.
Cultivation Parameters:
Climatic Conditions:
Climate:
It grows well in temperate region and does not tolerate heavy rainfalls. Cold climate and humid weather is suitable.
Type of Soil:
As its roots are used for medicinal purpose, deep porous soil with rich organic matter and some water logging property is favourable for its growth.
Altitude:
It grows in mountainous regions at an altitude of 2400-3500 metres.
Rainfall:
Locations with heavy rainfall are to be avoided.
Temperature:
On an average, temperature ranging from 25 to 30°C is suitable.
Cultivation Details:
Type of Propagation:
Both seeds and root cuttings are used for propagation, seeds are preferred as they are more easy and economical for cultivation purpose.
Time of Cultivation:
Seeds are sown in spring i.e. April-May. Nursery beds are raised and the raised seedlings are transplanted after 1 year of sowing. Root cuttings are planted at the onset of monsoon in the field.
Total Duration of Crop:
Three years.
Raising Nursery Beds:
For raising nursery beds, beds of 1 x 3 metre with mixture of compost manure, soil and sand are prepared. The seeds are sown at a distance of 15 cm apart, covered with soil and are irrigated lightly. They are irrigated regularly, so as to keep soil moist, 12 months old seedlings are ready for transplanting procedure.
Preparation of Land:
The land is prepared by deep ploughing levelled well and then pits at a distance of 90 cm x 90 cm are prepared. At the onset of monsoon, these 1 year old seedlings are transplanted in the pits. At this stage, the roots of seedlings are about 15-20 cm long. Hence, should be sown carefully followed by irrigation.
For cultivating seeds directly in the field, seeds are sown in shallow pits at a spacing of 30 cm x 30 cm and are irrigated lightly.
Fertilizers:
Well decomposed farm yard manure should be applied to nursery beds and in the field during land preparation.
Irrigation:
4-6 irrigations during May-September. The land is irrigated when seeds are sprouting.
Weeding/Hoeing:
The crop is kept free of weeds by regular weeding, so as to provide maximum nourishment to the crop.
Plant Protection and Pesticides:
No major diseases or pests of serious nature have been reported.
Harvesting:
The crop is ready for harvesting after 3 years of cultivation. After this period, if the crop is left in fields, it continues to grow and flower but the quality of the roots deteriorate, hence it is to be harvested after three years of cultivation, usually the suitable period for harvesting is during month of October. The roots are harvested by uprooting the plant manually.
Collection:
The fresh roots are carrot like, about 50-60 cm long and 3-5 cm in diameter. The harvested roots are washed with water and cut into pieces of 10 cm length. Then, they are sun dried and stored.
Yield:
The yield of 2 to 3 tonnes per hectare can be obtained from crop grown in rich soil. Yield of crop even differs according to time of maturity of crop. In Lahul, where the crop matures earlier, the yield is more than 4 tonnes per hectare.
Chemical Constituents:
Kuth roots contain about 6% of resinoids, 1.5% of essential oil, 0.5% alkaloids, 18% inulin, traces of tannins and sugar. The alkaloid is known as saussurine. The constituents of volatile oil of kuth are camphene, dihydrolactone and sesquiterpenes etc.
Uses:
It is useful in the treatment of bronchial asthma, as expectorant. It is also used in chronic skin diseases and also in treatment of Rheumatism. The oil of kuth has strong antiseptic and disinfectant properties.
Marketed Products:
Ayurvedic Formulations:
Jatyaditaila, Vishagarbha taila, Suvernamuktadi guti, Marichadi vati.
Patented Products:
Euphomin, Asmarol elixir, B.H. Pills – 40.
Medicinal Plant # 8. How to Cultivate Shatavari?
Introduction:
It is a perennial, spinous climber widely used in ancient medical practice and also modern medicines, it is cultivated commercially on large scale.
Synonyms:
Shatavar, Shatmuli.
Source:
It consists of dried roots and leaves of plant known as Asparagus racemosus, willd belonging to family Liliaceae.
Varieties:
Asparagus officinalis is a shrub and is not a climber, but is cultivated for culinary purposes.
Geographical Source:
It is a climber and found as a wild plant or is cultivated throughout India both in tropical and subtropical parts. Also found in Himalayas and Andaman Islands. It is also found in tropical parts of Asia, Africa and Australia.
Cultivation Parameters:
Climatic Conditions:
Climate:
It thrives well in tropical and subtropical climate. It also grown in dry lands.
Rainfall:
Annual rainfall between 50-100 cm is sufficient.
Altitude:
It grows well upto an altitude of 1400 metres.
Temperature:
Ranging between 30°C to 35°C.
Type of Soil and pH of Soil:
Usually grows in variety of soils, but sandy loam soil or medium black soil with adequate drainage is preferred. It does not tolerate water-logging.
pH of soil should be ranging between 7 to 8.
Cultivation Details:
Type of Propagation:
It is done by using seeds or vegetatively by using the rhizomatous disc cuttings.
Total Duration of Crop:
Two to three years.
Time of Cultivation:
Seeds are sown during March-April, and transplanting is carried out during July- August.
Preparation of Land:
Before cultivation, the land is prepared by giving 35-50 cm deep ploughing, so that the soil is well pulverized and weeds are removed. During ploughing, 50 tonnes of farm yard manure or compost manure is mixed with soil. The land is levelled and pits of 30 cm x 30 cm at spacing of 1.5 m are prepared for plantation, leaving 15-20 cm furrow space as channel for irrigation.
Raising Nursery Beds:
Seeds are raised on nursery beds and then seedlings are transplanted in the field. For raising nursery beds, mixture of sand, soil and compost manure is spread in a space of 25 x 20 cm. Seeds are sown in rows, keeping distance of 3 cm between rows and distance for sowing seeds should be 1.5 cm apart.
During mid-March or April, seeds are sown on the raised beds covered with light layer of soil followed by irrigation. The nursery beds are watered twice daily (morning, evening) till the seeds germinate. The beds are kept covered with polythene.
Transplanting:
After first shower of monsoon, [i.e. after 30 to 40 days] within 8-10 days seeds start germinating. After a period of 4 to 6 weeks, the seedlings are ready for transplanting. During the month of July or August the seedlings are planted in well prepared land during early morning or evening hours at a distance of 60 x 60 cm apart followed by light irrigation.
By Vegetative Propagation:
Vegetative propagation is carried out by using the cuttings of rhizomatous disc or adventitious roots. These roots are dipped in liquid cow dung for 24 hrs. before planting in field. The discs are divided in such a way so that each possesses two buds along with tuberous root. These roots are planted in well prepared field at onset of monsoon at a spacing of 45 x 45 cm followed by irrigation.
Irrigation:
The plants are irrigated immediately after cultivation. After transplanting in field during first 5-6 days, the seedlings are watered daily. After 5-6 days, the crop is watered twice every alternate day, till the crop is well established. After that, irrigation is carried out at rate of two irrigations during winter season and once per month during summer season.
Fertilizers:
The crop responds well to the use of manures, as well as, fertilizers. Mostly organic manures are preferred. The cow dung manure is applied as basal dose during land preparation. NPK is used to increase the healthy crop production. About each of 120 kg phosphorus and potash is used as basal dose and 200 kg nitrogen is applied in three split doses.
Weeding/Hoeing:
The crop is kept weed free so as to get maximum nourishment to the crop. Weeding is carried out as and when required. During early crop growth, it is carried out twice in rainy season, followed by one weeding in the following 2 to 3 months and thereafter as and when required. Usually, hand weeding is preferred.
Plant Protection and Pesticides:
No disease or infection of any serious nature has been reported yet to attack the crop, but, precaution against rodents and rats is to be taken which occasionally eat the crop.
Harvesting:
After two to three years of cultivation, the plants are ready to harvest. Harvesting is carried out during winter by uprooting the plants. The roots are dug-out carefully so as to prevent damage.
Collection:
The collected roots are peeled off with sharp knife immediately after harvesting, cut into small pieces washed with clear water then are shade dried.
Stored in cool and dry places.
Yield:
On an average 2.5 to 3 kg fresh roots by weight per plant after 2-3 years are reported. 6-7 tonnes/hect. dry roots is reported.
Chemical Constituents:
Roots contain shatavarin I which is major glycoside, along with shatavarin I to IV glycosides which are steroidal saponins. Flowers and fruits contain quercetin and rutin while leaves contain diosgenin and quercetin.
Uses:
It is used as galactogogue, diuretic and as a good general tonic. Also largely used in nervine disorders and oil in treatment of rheumatism. It is used in haemophilic disorders in diarrhoea as antidiarrhoetic and antidysentric and also in the treatment of habitual abortion.
Marketed Products:
Ayurvedic Formulations:
Shatavanghrita, Narayantaila, Vishnutaila, Shatavarikalpa.
Patented Products:
Tonoblood, T-tone, Altriselixir etc.
Medicinal Plant # 9. How to Cultivate Giloe?
Introduction:
The drug has been used in traditional medicine since ancient times for its ability to impart youthfulness, vitality and longevity. For these qualities, it is also referred to as ‘Amrita’. Now-a-days, the drug is gaining popularity due to its potent immune-stimulant activity. It is also referred as “Rasayan dravya” in Ayurveda for these properties.
Synonyms:
Culvel, Tinospora, Guduchi, Gilo.
Source:
These are the leaves and stems of woody climber Tinospora cordifolia, Miers belonging to family Menispermaceae.
Geographical Source:
It is found in deciduous and dry forests of India. It is spread throughout India from Kuman to Assam, Bihar, Kokan and also in Sri Lanka and Myanmar.
Cultivation Parameters:
Climatic Conditions:
Climate:
It usually grows in tropical dry areas and does not tolerate moist and humid climate. It can be grown under varying climatic conditions.
Altitude:
It is habituated throughout tropical India ascending to an altitude of 500 m.
Temperature:
25 to 40°C.
Rainfall:
Well distributed rainfall.
Type of Soil:
It thrives well in almost all types of soils. Sandy loam soil, rich organic matter with good drainage is found to be good for higher yield of crop.
Cultivation Details:
Type of Propagation:
Propagated by using stout stem cuttings.
Time of Cultivation:
It is cultivated at onset of monsoon during month of May-June. The stem-cuttings are used for nursery plantation.
Total Duration of Crop:
It is perennial crop.
Preparation of Land:
Though, it thrives well under varying agro-climatic conditions crop cultivated on well prepared lands provides good yield. The land is prepared by deep ploughing 2 to 3 times. The land is made weed free, it is mixed with basal dose of compost manure/FYM while last ploughing is carried out and pits are dug, at a suitable distance of about 60 cm x 60 cm.
Nursery Beds:
The plants are propagated by stem-cutting. Good quality of stems is chosen for preparing stem cuttings. These cuttings are planted in the nursery beds prepared with mixture of soil, sand and farm yard manure during April-May. The irrigation may be given on alternate days. Excess watering/water stagnation is avoided.
Transplantation:
The raised rooted cuttings or suckers with roots are planted in the prepared pits at a rate of 2 suckers in one pit. To avoid stagnation of water, channels are laid out for the drainage of excess water. Once the climbers are established in the fields, it requires some support to climb. It is grown preparably with neem or mango trees which provide good support and also better medicinal value to the crop. Alternatively, the wire supporters are provided.
Irrigation:
As an intercrop it may require irrigation once a week. If main crop is irrigated then no additional irrigation is necessary for giloe. Mulch with dry leaves or straw is given during summer season so as to retain soil moisture.
Fertilizers:
At nursery level, compost manure is utilized for the crop. After transplanting into fields basal dose of farm yard manure at the time of ploughing is applied. As it is crop, repeating the dose of organic manure compost manure is preferred. Fertilizer dose of NPK can be applied, if required.
Intercropping:
It can be easily intercropped with neem, mango and coconut.
Weeding and Hoeing:
As it is a perennial crop, periodical weeding is carried out so as to keep the crop weed free. One manual weeding should be done to keep weeds under check in early stage of growth i.e. after 20 – 30 days and during the remaining period of crop growth, 3-4 weeding’s may be sufficient to keep weeds under check.
Harvesting:
The plants are harvested for stem and leaves. The leaves are collected when the plants are matured enough, and the stems (stout) are collected by cutting.
Collection:
The collected stems are cut into small pieces. They are made free of adhered impurities, if any and then leaves and the stem-cuttings are shade-dried and are placed in dry places.
Yield:
On an average, about 9 to 10 quintals of stem are obtained per hectare of land. The rate for dried stem ranges from Rs. 20 to 25/kg. It varies according to quality of the product.
Constituents:
It consists of tinosporine, tinosporic acid, tinosporol, giloin, gilonin, berberine, cordifol, pinosporidine, etc. The bitter principles identified are chasmanthin, palmarin, and columbin. The stems are rich in proteins, calcium and phosphorus.
Uses:
It is used in general debility, pyrexia skin diseases. It is effective in prevention of fibrosis. Also, used in rheumatoid arthritis, jaundice and in diabetes. It is effectively used in viral hepatitis.
Marketed Products:
Ayurvedic Formulations:
Gulvel satva, Guduchyadi tailam, Amrutaarishta.
Patented Formulations:
Nirocil, Dilapsin, Plantacid, Espitone.
Medicinal Plant # 10. How to Cultivate Artemisia?
Introduction:
Artemisia annua is an annual herb. It is introduced to the international market as highly potent anti-malarial herb.
Synonyms:
Sweet worm wood.
Source:
It consists of dried leaves and flowers of herb Artemisia annua belonging to family Compositae (Asteraceae).
Varieties:
The CIMAP, Lucknow has developed high yielding, genetically improved variety of this plant, ‘Asha’ which is used for cultivation, Jeevanraksha and Suraksha are the other varieties which are also released recently.
Geographical Source:
The plant is indigenous to China. It also occurs in Afghanistan, USA, UK and France. In India, it is found in Punjab. It is also cultivated in Kashmir valley and hills of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh on a limited scale.
Cultivation Parameters:
Climatic Conditions:
Climate:
It is a temperate plant, which grows well in cold climate. Though, it is found to be cultivated in subtropical areas, the principle content artemisinin is found higher in plants grown in temperate regions. The extremes of tropical and subtropical climate reduce the content of artemisinin.
Temperature:
It grows well in temperate region with temperature ranging from 25°C to 30°C.
Rainfall:
In the range of 60 to 75 cm.
Altitude:
Naturally it is found upto an altitude of 3500 to 4000 metres.
Type of Soil:
The crop is adapted to wide variety of soils from sandy loam to loamy soil. But, soil rich with organic matter and having well drained property is suitable for its growth. It does not grow well in soil with water logging property.
Cultivation Details:
Propagation:
It is propagated from seeds. The seeds are very small in size, hence seedlings are raised in nursery beds and then transplanted in the main field.
Time of Cultivation:
Under Indian climatic conditions, the crop can be taken twice as late rainy season crop or winter crop and as a summer crop. For late rainy crop, nursery beds are raised during September and for summer, the nursery beds are raised during December.
Total Duration of Crop:
Five to six months.
Raising Nursery Beds:
The seedlings are raised in the nursery beds, with mixture of soil and farmyard manure. The farm yard manure/compost is added at the rate of 10 kg/bed. After preparing beds, seeds are mixed with sand and they are uniformly spread over the nursery beds, covered with thin layer of soil.
The beds are watered regularly to keep them moist. Within 8-10 days, the seeds germinate and they are ready for transplantation after 1.5 to 2 months. On an average, about 300-500 gm of seeds are sufficient to raise seedlings for a hectare of land.
Preparation of Land:
The land is prepared by ploughing several times and levelled. The farm yard manure and carbaryl powder (as insecticide) are added to soil, ploughed and irrigated lightly.
Transplantation:
Transplanting of seedlings is carried out usually during noon hours. Seedlings are planted at a spacing of 50-60 cm in row and 40-50 cm between plants. Two seedlings are planted at a time. The land is irrigated gently after transplanting. The gap filling is carried out within 8-10 days of planting.
Irrigation:
The crop is irrigated regularly to keep the soil moist till crop is established well in the soil. The irrigation is thereafter cut down to 4-5 irrigations for the rest of the duration of the crop.
Fertilizers:
Artemisia is very sensitive to the deficiency of boron, iron, zinc, copper and manganese, which decline the artemisinin content. Hence, to prevent this, a basal application of borax at rate of 8-9 kg/ha is applied. For healthy growth of crop, fertilizer, dose of 60-70 kg nitrogen, 40-60 kg phosphorus and 60 kg potash per hectare is advisible.
Full dose of potash and phosphorus alongwith 2/3rd of nitrogen is given as a basal dose during last ploughing of field and the remaining one third of nitrogen is applied in two splits at an interval of 30 days, i.e. after one month of growth first dose and after 60 days of transplanting the next dose is applied. The crop responds well to this kind of application of fertilizers.
Interculture:
The crop is kept weed free. For good yield, 3-4 weeding’s and hoeing’s are carried out during the cultivation. Chemical weed control process can also be tried successfully with metachlor and chloramben (2.2 kg/ha) as pre-emergent and trifluralin (6.5 kg/ha) as post-emergent agents.
Plant Protection and Pesticides:
Ants are the common insects to affect the crop badly, hence, the plant is known as ‘Sweet worm wood’. The insect attack can be minimised by using carbaryl dust about 10 -15 kg/hectare by mixing it with soil during the process of land preparation.
Another major disease, ‘damping off, can be controlled by adjusting the planting time, during noon hours.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Harvesting/Collection:
To get good yield of artemisinin and essential oil, the harvesting of crop should be carried out at appropriate time. The crop duration is about 5-6 months. The exact timing for harvesting is only after the flower initiation but should never by harvested before flowering. The plants are harvested manually by cutting with sickle 20-30 cm above the ground level. The collected drug is dried in shade. The flowers and leaves are separated and stored well.
Yield:
The fresh herbage yield is about 10-15 tonnes per hectare, about 30 quintles/hectare of dry leaf matter including flowers containing about 0.11% artemisinin.
The yield per hectare achieved is about 3.25 kg of the antimalarial compound. The yellow flowers are reported to contain higher concentration of artemisinin then leaves. The essential oil content is highest during the inflorescence stage and declines after flowering.
Chemical Constituents:
The active constituent of the plant is artemisinin, which possesses medicinal property. Other constituents include sweet smelling essential oil, artemisilene, pinene, cineole, 1-camphor and scopolin.
Uses:
Artemisinin is the most potent drug for treating cerebral malaria. It is administered parenterally.
The essential oil ‘Artemisia oil’ is used in perfumery, cosmetics and in dermatology. It is also useful in the treatment of skin moulds.
Storage:
It should be store in well filled and well closed container in cool place and away from light and moisture.
Marketed Products:
Ayurvedic Formulation:
Krimiher quath.
